Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment
Power System Protection in Smart Grid Environment (Hardcover, 3rd Edition)
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With distributed generation interconnection power flow becoming bidirectional, culminating in network problems, smart grids aid in electricity generation, transmission, substations, distribution and consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe (protected), secure, reliable, efficient, and sustainable. This book illustrates fault analysis, fuses, circuit breakers, instrument transformers, relay technology, transmission lines protection setting using DIGsILENT Power Factory. Intended audience is senior undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in power systems, transmission and distribution, protection system broadly under electrical engineering.
Table of Contents
Section I Faults Analysis and Power System Protection Devices
1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective
[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]
2. Fault Analysis
[Patrick T. Manditereza]
3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers
[Abhishek Chauhan, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]
4. Instrument Transformers
[Rajiv Singh and Asheesh Kumar Singh]
5. Protective Relaying System
[Senthil Krishnamurthy]
Section II Transmission Line Protection
6. Medium Voltage Phase Overcurrent Feeder Protection
[Martin J. Slabbert, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]
7. Bus-Bar Protection
[Arvind R. Singh, Ranjay Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]
8. Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines
[Senthil Krishnamurthy]
9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices
[K. A. Nzeba, J. J. Justo, Aishwarya Biju, and Ramesh Bansal]
Section III Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation and Control; Overvoltage and Lightening Protection
10. Transformer Protection
[Patrick T. Manditereza]
11. Generator Protection System
[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]
12. Induction Motor Protection
[N. T. Mbungu, Ramesh Bansal, Raj Naidoo, and D. H. Tungadio]
13. Substation Automation and Control
[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]
14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection
[N. T. Mbungu, J. J. Justo, and Ramesh Bansal]
Section IV Power Quality Issues, Reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection
15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection
[Abhishek Chauhan, J. J. Justo, T. Adefarati, and Ramesh Bansal]
16. Reliability Assessment of the Distribution System in the Presence of Protective Devices
[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]
17. Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]
18. Protection of Renewable Distributed Generation System
[Rishabh Dev Shukla, Ramesh K. Tripathi, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]
1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Major functions of a smart grid system
1.3 Features of the smart grid
1.4 Smart grid technologies
1.5 Sensing and measurement
1.6 Smart meter
1.7 Phasor measurement unit
1.8 Distribution energy resources
1.9 Peak load management
1.10 Smart grid automation
1.11 Grid code
1.12 Protection system in the smart grid
1.13 Importance of protection in the smart grid
1.14 Challenges of protective devices in the smart grid
1.15 Tutorial Problems
1.16 Conclusion
References
2. Fault analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Per Unit System – A review
2.3 Synchronous machine reactances
2.4 Effect of large motors on fault level
2.5 Network reduction technique for balanced fault calculation
2.6 Methods of reducing fault levels
2.7 Bus impedance matrix method of fault calculation
2.8 Symmetrical components
2.9 Unsymmetrical Faults
2.10 The bus impedance matrix in unbalanced fault calculation
2.11 Computer simulations
2.12 Tutorial Problems
2.13 Conclusion
References
3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fuses
3.3 Circuit breakers
3.4 Tutorial Problems
3.5. Conclusion
References
4. Instrument Transformers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Shunts and Multipliers for Range Extension
4.3 Limitations of shunts and multipliers in range extension
4.4 Merits of ITs
4.5 Technical Performance Parameters of ITs
4.6. Current Transformers
4.7 Potential Transformers
4.8 Tutorial Problems
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. Protective Relaying System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Over current relays and characteristics
5.3 Differential relaysand their characteristics
5.4 Solved problems on protective relaying system
5.5 Conclusion
References
Section II: Transmission line protection
6. Medium Voltage phase Over current feeder protection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Protection philosophy
6.3 MV network layout and components
6.4 Protection elements and functions
6.5 Let-through energy
6.6 Grading
6.7 Settings example (top-down method)
6.8 Interconnected network strategy
6.9 Adaptive Protection requirement
6.10 Worked examples
6.11 Tutorial Problems
6.12 Conclusion
References
7. Bus Protection
7.1 General considerations of bus protection
7.2 Typical bus-bar arrangements
7.3 Bus faults
7.4 Bus protection requirements
7.5 Bus protection
7.6 CTs for differential protection
7.7 Bus differential protection
7.8 Bus bar differential protection with high impedance
7.9 Percentage restrained differential relay
7.10 Percentage differential bus bar protection technique numerical example
7.11 Partial Differential Protection
7.12 Directional Comparison Bus Protection
7.13 Tutorial Questions
7.14 Conclusion
References
8 Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Distance relays and characteristics
8.3 Communication assisted protection schemes
8.4 Distance protection setting on DigSilent Power Factory simulation tool
8.5 Distance protection setting on numerical relay
8.6 Solved problems on distance protective relaying system
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principle of operation of reactors, SVC and STATCOM
9.3 Principles of Protection Strategies
9.4 Tutorial Problems
9.5 Conclusion
References
Section III: Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation & Control; Overvoltage & Lightening Protection
10 Transformer Protection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Origins of transformer faults
10.3 Magnetising inrush
10.4 Overcurrent Protection
10.5 Earth fault protection
10.6 Differential protection
10.7 Differential protection types
10.8 Restricted earth fault (REF) protection
10.9 Transformer differential protection
10.10 Combined differential and REF protection
10.11 Differential protection application with an earthing transformer
10.12 Buchholz protection
10.13 Transformer winding temperature
10.14 Pressure release valve
10.15 Tutorial Problems
10.16 Conclusion
References
11 Generator Protection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Generator protection functions
11.3 Generator stator protection
11.4 Rotor protection
11.5 Protection for other systems
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Tutorial Problems
References
12 Induction Motor Protection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Induction Motor Analysis
12.3 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
12.4 Overload/thermal protection
12.5 Start/stall protection
12.6 Short-circuit protection,
12.7 Earth fault protection,
12.8 Negative phase sequence protection
12.9 Protection of rotor windings
12.10 Under voltage/overvoltage protection, loss-of-load, protection
12.11 Motor protection solved and unsolved examples
12.12 Conclusion
13 Substation Automation & Control
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Substation Automation and Control using the IEC 61850 Standard
13.3. Communication Networks
13.4. Wide Area Data Exchange
13.5. System Engineering
13.6. Testing
13.7. Cyber Security
13.8. IEC 61850 Use Cases
13.9 Tutorial Problems
13.10 Conclusion
References
14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overvoltage
14.3 Insulation co-ordination,
14.4 Overvoltages Protection
14.5 Grounding system
14.6 Solved Problems
14.7 Tutorial Problems
14.8 Conclusion
References
Section IV: Power quality issues, reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection
15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection
15.1 Power Quality
15.2 Need of Power Quality Assessment
15.3 Evaluation of Power Quality
15.4 Frequency Variation as Power Quality Issue
15.5 Unbalance Voltage as Power Quality Issue
15.6 Harmonics
15.7 Solved Problems
15.8 Tutorial Problems
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Reliability aspects of Power System Protection
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Distribution power system
16.3 Protection system
16.4 Protective devices in the distribution power system
16.5 Power interruption
16.6 Reliability
16.7 Reliability indices
16.8 Concept of reliability
16.9 Reliability indices of the distribution system
16.10 Objective function
16.11 Results and discussions
16.12 Tutorial Problems
16. 13 Conclusion
References
17 Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synchrophasor Technology
17.3 System Planning and Functional Requirements
17.4 Real-Time Wide Area Monitoring Systems
17.5 Wide Area Protection and Control Schemes (System Integrity Protection Scheme)
17.6 Cyber Security in Synchrophasor-Based Systems
17.7 Example of a Cyber-Security Attack
17.8 Tutorial Problems
17.9 Conclusion
References
18. The impact of DG penetration on protection & current protection practices
18.1 The impact of RDG/DG penetration on protection & Current protection practices
18.2 Factors affecting RDGs/DGs Protection
18.3 Protection with islanding operation (Anti-islanding)
18.4 Protection of Microgrids
18.5 Protection of Wind Energy Generation Systems
18.6 Protection of PV systems
18.7 Protection aspects for the future distribution network/system
18.9 Tutorial Problems
18.9 Conclusion
References
Table of Contents
Section I Faults Analysis and Power System Protection Devices
1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective
[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]
2. Fault Analysis
[Patrick T. Manditereza]
3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers
[Abhishek Chauhan, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]
4. Instrument Transformers
[Rajiv Singh and Asheesh Kumar Singh]
5. Protective Relaying System
[Senthil Krishnamurthy]
Section II Transmission Line Protection
6. Medium Voltage Phase Overcurrent Feeder Protection
[Martin J. Slabbert, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]
7. Bus-Bar Protection
[Arvind R. Singh, Ranjay Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Raj Naidoo, and Ramesh Bansal]
8. Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines
[Senthil Krishnamurthy]
9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices
[K. A. Nzeba, J. J. Justo, Aishwarya Biju, and Ramesh Bansal]
Section III Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation and Control; Overvoltage and Lightening Protection
10. Transformer Protection
[Patrick T. Manditereza]
11. Generator Protection System
[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]
12. Induction Motor Protection
[N. T. Mbungu, Ramesh Bansal, Raj Naidoo, and D. H. Tungadio]
13. Substation Automation and Control
[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]
14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection
[N. T. Mbungu, J. J. Justo, and Ramesh Bansal]
Section IV Power Quality Issues, Reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection
15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection
[Abhishek Chauhan, J. J. Justo, T. Adefarati, and Ramesh Bansal]
16. Reliability Assessment of the Distribution System in the Presence of Protective Devices
[T. Adefarati and Ramesh Bansal]
17. Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
[Adeyemi Charles Adewole and Raynitchka Tzoneva]
18. Protection of Renewable Distributed Generation System
[Rishabh Dev Shukla, Ramesh K. Tripathi, Padmanabh Thakur, and Ramesh Bansal]
1. An Overview of Smart Grid in Protection Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Major functions of a smart grid system
1.3 Features of the smart grid
1.4 Smart grid technologies
1.5 Sensing and measurement
1.6 Smart meter
1.7 Phasor measurement unit
1.8 Distribution energy resources
1.9 Peak load management
1.10 Smart grid automation
1.11 Grid code
1.12 Protection system in the smart grid
1.13 Importance of protection in the smart grid
1.14 Challenges of protective devices in the smart grid
1.15 Tutorial Problems
1.16 Conclusion
References
2. Fault analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Per Unit System – A review
2.3 Synchronous machine reactances
2.4 Effect of large motors on fault level
2.5 Network reduction technique for balanced fault calculation
2.6 Methods of reducing fault levels
2.7 Bus impedance matrix method of fault calculation
2.8 Symmetrical components
2.9 Unsymmetrical Faults
2.10 The bus impedance matrix in unbalanced fault calculation
2.11 Computer simulations
2.12 Tutorial Problems
2.13 Conclusion
References
3. Fuses and Circuit Breakers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fuses
3.3 Circuit breakers
3.4 Tutorial Problems
3.5. Conclusion
References
4. Instrument Transformers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Shunts and Multipliers for Range Extension
4.3 Limitations of shunts and multipliers in range extension
4.4 Merits of ITs
4.5 Technical Performance Parameters of ITs
4.6. Current Transformers
4.7 Potential Transformers
4.8 Tutorial Problems
4.9 Conclusion
References
5. Protective Relaying System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Over current relays and characteristics
5.3 Differential relaysand their characteristics
5.4 Solved problems on protective relaying system
5.5 Conclusion
References
Section II: Transmission line protection
6. Medium Voltage phase Over current feeder protection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Protection philosophy
6.3 MV network layout and components
6.4 Protection elements and functions
6.5 Let-through energy
6.6 Grading
6.7 Settings example (top-down method)
6.8 Interconnected network strategy
6.9 Adaptive Protection requirement
6.10 Worked examples
6.11 Tutorial Problems
6.12 Conclusion
References
7. Bus Protection
7.1 General considerations of bus protection
7.2 Typical bus-bar arrangements
7.3 Bus faults
7.4 Bus protection requirements
7.5 Bus protection
7.6 CTs for differential protection
7.7 Bus differential protection
7.8 Bus bar differential protection with high impedance
7.9 Percentage restrained differential relay
7.10 Percentage differential bus bar protection technique numerical example
7.11 Partial Differential Protection
7.12 Directional Comparison Bus Protection
7.13 Tutorial Questions
7.14 Conclusion
References
8 Distance Protective Relaying System for Long Transmission Lines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Distance relays and characteristics
8.3 Communication assisted protection schemes
8.4 Distance protection setting on DigSilent Power Factory simulation tool
8.5 Distance protection setting on numerical relay
8.6 Solved problems on distance protective relaying system
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Protection of Reactors and FACTS Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principle of operation of reactors, SVC and STATCOM
9.3 Principles of Protection Strategies
9.4 Tutorial Problems
9.5 Conclusion
References
Section III: Equipment Protection: Motor, Transformer, Generator, Substation Automation & Control; Overvoltage & Lightening Protection
10 Transformer Protection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Origins of transformer faults
10.3 Magnetising inrush
10.4 Overcurrent Protection
10.5 Earth fault protection
10.6 Differential protection
10.7 Differential protection types
10.8 Restricted earth fault (REF) protection
10.9 Transformer differential protection
10.10 Combined differential and REF protection
10.11 Differential protection application with an earthing transformer
10.12 Buchholz protection
10.13 Transformer winding temperature
10.14 Pressure release valve
10.15 Tutorial Problems
10.16 Conclusion
References
11 Generator Protection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Generator protection functions
11.3 Generator stator protection
11.4 Rotor protection
11.5 Protection for other systems
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Tutorial Problems
References
12 Induction Motor Protection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Induction Motor Analysis
12.3 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
12.4 Overload/thermal protection
12.5 Start/stall protection
12.6 Short-circuit protection,
12.7 Earth fault protection,
12.8 Negative phase sequence protection
12.9 Protection of rotor windings
12.10 Under voltage/overvoltage protection, loss-of-load, protection
12.11 Motor protection solved and unsolved examples
12.12 Conclusion
13 Substation Automation & Control
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Substation Automation and Control using the IEC 61850 Standard
13.3. Communication Networks
13.4. Wide Area Data Exchange
13.5. System Engineering
13.6. Testing
13.7. Cyber Security
13.8. IEC 61850 Use Cases
13.9 Tutorial Problems
13.10 Conclusion
References
14. Overvoltage and Earthing Protection
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overvoltage
14.3 Insulation co-ordination,
14.4 Overvoltages Protection
14.5 Grounding system
14.6 Solved Problems
14.7 Tutorial Problems
14.8 Conclusion
References
Section IV: Power quality issues, reliability, Wide Area and System Protection; and Renewable DG Protection
15. Power Quality and Equipment Protection
15.1 Power Quality
15.2 Need of Power Quality Assessment
15.3 Evaluation of Power Quality
15.4 Frequency Variation as Power Quality Issue
15.5 Unbalance Voltage as Power Quality Issue
15.6 Harmonics
15.7 Solved Problems
15.8 Tutorial Problems
15.9 Conclusion
References
16. Reliability aspects of Power System Protection
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Distribution power system
16.3 Protection system
16.4 Protective devices in the distribution power system
16.5 Power interruption
16.6 Reliability
16.7 Reliability indices
16.8 Concept of reliability
16.9 Reliability indices of the distribution system
16.10 Objective function
16.11 Results and discussions
16.12 Tutorial Problems
16. 13 Conclusion
References
17 Advances in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synchrophasor Technology
17.3 System Planning and Functional Requirements
17.4 Real-Time Wide Area Monitoring Systems
17.5 Wide Area Protection and Control Schemes (System Integrity Protection Scheme)
17.6 Cyber Security in Synchrophasor-Based Systems
17.7 Example of a Cyber-Security Attack
17.8 Tutorial Problems
17.9 Conclusion
References
18. The impact of DG penetration on protection & current protection practices
18.1 The impact of RDG/DG penetration on protection & Current protection practices
18.2 Factors affecting RDGs/DGs Protection
18.3 Protection with islanding operation (Anti-islanding)
18.4 Protection of Microgrids
18.5 Protection of Wind Energy Generation Systems
18.6 Protection of PV systems
18.7 Protection aspects for the future distribution network/system
18.9 Tutorial Problems
18.9 Conclusion
References